Goji berry, also known as wolfberry, is a plant that grows in the Asian region. It is a red-orange elliptical fruit with a sweet, sour taste due to the presence of phenolic compounds. Recently, goji berry is becoming more and more popular because of the health benefits of bioactive ingredients. The present study aims to determine infusion parameters for producing functional beverages rich in bioactive components and suitable for consumption with maximum benefit to human health. In this context, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used for experimental design. Three independent variables were determined, which are temperature (75–95 °C), time (5–15 min), and mass (2–5 g), to optimize the desired quality characteristics in goji berry teas and to evaluate the interactions of the independent variables. The three-variable experimental design was implemented 6 replications in the center point, resulting in 20 total trial patterns. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content, and condensed tannin content of the samples were determined. For optimization, it is aimed that goji berry infusions have the values of maximum total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content, and condensed tannin content. As a result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA), a meaningful model for total anthocyanin content, total flavonoid content, condensed tannin content, and phenolic content values could not be established (p<0.05), but statistically significant model was obtained for DPPH (p<0.05). Temperature and mass were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) on DPPH. Depending on the levels of the selected quality characteristics, the parameters that will provide an optimum formulation of goji berry infusions were suggested as 85.77°C, 5 min., and 5 g, according to the desirability function (0.634). Thus, the parameters of antioxidant capacity, total phenolic substance, total anthocyanin, total flavonoid, and total condensed tannin content were determined to maximize bioactive substances and be beneficial for consumer health.

Although Staphylococcus epidermidis was once thought to be a non-pathogenic bacterium, it is now understood to be an opportunistic organism that causes a variety of nosocomial illnesses. S.  epidermidis-colonized people are possible reservoirs for nosocomial infection transmission, which could be harmful to public health, particularly if there are antibiotic-resistant strains present. The aim of this research is the molecular detection of S. epidermidis, isolated from patients admitted to the orthopaedic ward of SYMH, Birnin Kebbi. A total number of 117 wound swab samples were collected from orthopaedic patients. Only 13 S. epidermidis were identified using phenotypic methods. The prevalence of S. epidermidis in orthopaedic patients was 13 (11.11%) the isolates were examined with antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute Modified Kirby Bour techniques were used to determine the resistant status of recovered bacterial isolates. The results show that the isolates were 69.23%, resistant to Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 92.30% resistant to Meropenem, 100% resistant to Cefpodoxime, Cefepime, Cefotaxime and 30.76% resistant to Imipenem. PCR and Sanger sequence typing techniques were used to further identify the isolates, and only one S. epidermidis isolate was confirmed. S. epidermidis is among the major agents of wound infection at the Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. S. epidermidis isolates exhibited resistance to most of the antibiotics tested in this study. The high incidence of S.epidermidis isolates resistant to antibiotics tested in the hospital calls for urgent need to put in place measures to curtail the spread of nosocomial pathogens, especially S. epidermidis which has a high proportion of resistance in the hospital.